The Lynmouth Floods

The Lynmouth Floods Case Study: Lynmouth Lynmouth is a village in Devon, England, on the north edge of Exmoor. The village is on the converging point of the West Lyn and East Lyn rivers, in a gorge 700 feet (210 m) below Lynton, to which it is connected by the Lynton and Lynmouth Cliff Railway. The two villages are governed at local level by Lynton and Lynmouth Town Council. Lynmouth is rural area with not much corporate activity going on. It is in the coastal part of the United Kingdom Island, which makes it a large tourist attraction spot. People usually come to Lynmouth for Tourism and the activities they do are mainly horseback riding, fishing and boat rides. Flood in 1952 On the 15th and 16th of August 1952, a storm of tropical started over in south-west England, precipitating 229 millimetres (9.0 in) of rain within 24 hours on a coastal area, Exmoor. It is thought that a cold front started a thunderstorm, and the storm worsened. An immediate surface run-off occurred and it caused a flash flood. Large amounts of floodwaters moved down the northern part, converging upon the village of Lynmouth; in particular, in the upper West Lyn valley, a dam was formed by fallen trees. This caused potential energy to form and after a while the water broke through the dam sending a huge wave of water and fragments down that river. Overnight, over 100 buildings were destroyed or seriously damaged along with 28 of the 31 bridges, and 38 cars were washed out to sea. In total, 34 people died, with a further 420 made homeless. Overall the rainstorm lasted about fourteen hours and 300 million gallons of rain precipitated. Cause of the Flood The small but steep sided drainage basin in which Lynmouth was situated increased the risk of flooding in the area. The steep sides encouraged greater surface runoff and combined with the small drainage basin size meant any water could reach the river fairly quickly. This was made worse by the high drainage density of the area due to the impermeable rocks of the area around Exmoor which formed the source of the river; again increasing the amount of surface runoff following rainfall. Prior to August 15th 1952 Lynmouth had received above average rainfall for 12 out of the first 14 days of the month meaning the soils were already saturated and the river levels high. On August 15th a heavy thunderstorm resulted in 200mm falling in 14 hours, one of the three heaviest rainfalls recorded in the UK. This heavy rain combined with the saturated ground and rapid surface runoff resulted in a huge volume of water flowing down the river. As Lynmouth is situated at the confluence of the East and We st Lyn rivers the volume of water was increased further at this point and the was far beyond the capacity of the river channel causing the river to burst its banks. This resulted in devastating floods as the West Lyn which had been diverted during the construction of parts of Lynmouth retook its natural course, flowing straight through the village. Prevention Following the Lynmouth flood disaster, flood management plans were put in place to try and ensure such a disaster could not happen again by managing any excess rain water so that the River could handle it in the in the future. A number of flood management strategies were put in place: The mouth of the East Lyn was widened to increase capacity and allow water to quickly pass into the Bristol Channel The West Lyn was straightened to increase channel efficiency straightening the channel reduces friction and increases velocity, enabling water to travel through the channel as quickly as possible making it more efficient in coping with flood waters; The West Lyn was not redirected, instead being allowed to follow its natural course Floodplain zoning was used to identify areas around the river most at risk from flooding. Building restrictions were then put in place with areas close to the river which are most prone to flooding being left as open spaces such as car parks. Bridges were made wider and taller to allow flood water to tr avel quickly beneath them and to reduce the likelihood of debris becoming trapped and acting like a dam as had happened in 1952;Embankments were built by the river to increase channel capacity and reduce the likelihood of flooding; More trees were planted upstream in the source area to try and reduce initial surface runoff through interception and the soaking up of water. Tree roots also help to improve infiltration by opening up the soil and slowing down the rate at which water reaches the ground;

Adaptive Memory Essay

The aim of this particular study was to research adaptive memory and attempt how best to explain how this â€Å"adaptive memory† works. In this experiment 252 first year students were the participants. According to which tutorial group they were in, the participants were given a scenario, with the scenarios being: * Ancestral Hunter * Modern Hunter * Future Hunter Both the Ancestral and Future hunter scenarios contained 80 participants while 92 were placed in the Modern Hunter group. Participants were asked to read a scenario according to which group they were placed in (i. e. Modern scenario for Modern Hunter group etc) following this they were asked to read and rate a list of thirty-five words based on their relevance to their scenario. This list of words was shown on a screen for five seconds each. Following this exercise, participants were then asked to complete a number task in which they were given a list of twelve numbers, each being a seven digit number, where each number was shown on the screen for one second. See more: Sleep Deprivation Problem Solution Speech Essay After this, participants were given ten minutes to attempt to recall as many words as possible from the original thirty-five words they had rated. The results showed encoding was most effective for the future hunter scenario. Introduction. A proposition made by evolutionary psychologists is that our cognitive processes have been shaped and tuned by way of adaptation. One situation is that of survival. The ultimate goal is for humans to survive and reproduce, because of this humans have adapted and evolved to heighten their senses in a situation where their survival is threatened. Items can be processed more deeply and remembered for longer when the context of the word given, seems to be a scenario in which the mind believes it needs to actively fight for its own survival. One of the most interesting findings into this theory is the results of Nairne, Thompson and Panderiada’s (2007) experiment. The findings of their experiment revealed life of an encoding task that results in higher levels of free recall than those found with past tested methods. The theory of levels of processing framework states that retention of the given word varies in relation to the depth of which the word in question is processed (Craik & Tulving, 1975). The series of experiments performed by Craik and Tulving found that the participants would process a word better when matching to a related question. This experiment attempts to find how adaptive memory can be best explained. Three different scenarios were used to encode a list of words. It is hypothesised that the scenario in which survival is the ultimate goal, is where the words will be more salient and hence acquire a higher retention of the words listed. Method. Participants were 252 first year undergraduate students undertaking psychology at the University of New South Wales. The experiment was completed during tutorials as a group experiment. The experiments took place according to the tutorial group, and were not performed at the same time. Design. The independent variables in this experiment were the scenarios given to the participants and the list of words and numbers presented to participants after they had completed the scenario. Materials and Design. Stimuli used were 35 concrete nouns selected at random from a list of words which were generated by submitting a range of 400-700 for frequency, concreteness, imageability and meaningfulness criteria in MRC Psycholinguistic Database and twelve seven digit numbers. Procedure. Depending on which tutorial group the student was in, participants were asked to read a survival scenario. In total there were three different scenarios given; Ancestral Hunter, Modern Hunter and Future Hunter. After the participant read through the given scenario they were asked to rate a list of 35 words for relevance. Each word was shown on a screen for a total of five seconds. Following this memory task, the students were then shown 12 seven-digit numbers on the screen, each number being shown for ten seconds. After being presented all twelve, they were given ten seconds to list as many numbers as they could remember. Following this task they were given ten minutes to attempt to recall as many words as possible from the list of thirty-five words given to them to rate after each scenario.

Outline Of A Speech On Secret Societies - 928 Words

I. Speech Overview: A. General Goal: To inform. B. Specific Goal: By the end of my speech, my audience will understand that secret societies have been around for many centuries. It’s a brotherhood that includes some of the most influential people that holds top position in government. II. Introduction: (This is where you start talking) A. Attention Grabber: What if I were to tell you that at this very moment a global secret brotherhood is plotting to control the world? Or worst, this plan is already in motion. Can it be stopped? Secret societies have existed for a long time and each group defines themselves different. Some look to world domination, political, rewrite history, wisdom and enlightenment or made to protect a secret. B. Relevance Statement: Many conspiracy buffs believe that this world is run by a group of masterful puppeteers. And that eventually we will fall into a global version of Nazi Germany under their control. This group is our own government officials. C. Credibility Statement: I have spent enough time in libraries during high school and my four years here at Palo Alto. Studying one of my favorite subjects, history. I have written many papers, but this particular subject has caught my interest before. So I decided to do research on it. I’ve spent hours reading books, watching documentaries, news articles, magazines and internet discussions that I’d like to share with you. D. Central Idea/Thesis Statement: Secret societies have existed throughoutShow MoreRelatedComparing The, Hamlet, And John F. Kennedy s Secret Society1213 Words   |  5 PagesEssay Outline Topic: Similarities in Agamemnon, Hamlet, and John F. Kennedy’s Secret Society. Thesis Statement: While the major texts of Agamemnon, Hamlet, and John F. Kennedy’s Secret Society Speech were written and performed at different eras and serve different purposes, they possess the common element of peripeteia since each main character in these texts become vulnerable as their inherently good fortune reverses. Mapping Scheme (Your main points): †¢ The play of Agamemnon and its instance(s)Read MoreThe Downfall Of A Dystopian Society1588 Words   |  7 Pagesstatement reminds all of a weak dystopian society, fragile enough to break by one individual. In the dystopian novel, Delirium by Lauren Oliver, major motion picture Divergent directed by Neil Burger as well as written by Veronica Roth, and published journal How power corrupts leaders written by Dr. Ronald E. Riggio one sees how a single catalyst leads to the downfall of the entire society. In all three works, one sees the collapse of a dystopian society is a result of the triumph of love, the triumphRead MoreThe Legal Principles Of New York Legislature1031 Words   |  5 Pages Outline: I. 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Essay On The Journey Of The Chapter 4 - 1698 Words

â€Å"Lets see where they are headed,† suggested David The two agreed and began following the deep boot prints. They went on for awhile before they disappeared into the desert side of the island. They strained their eyes and saw what appeared to be the groups camp. They were still looking when a faint whistle came floating down from a tree and a band of men came storming out of the underbrush. John, Mark and, David spun around and took off. They were about a fourth of a mile away from the safety of their new home when a gun fired and Mark fell to the ground with blood oozing out of his leg. John and David stopped to try and carry him but with the large group coming they had to lay him down and get poised for a fight. The mad gang of men†¦show more content†¦John hurried over and scoped him up in his arms and lay his head on his lap. John tore his shirt and wrapped it around his head. David did the same and John used his shirt to separated Mark’s skin from the cold concrete they were lying on. David stood up and walked around the room looking for some hope of escape. â€Å"Nothing, just a big concrete box† John lay Mark’s head down and stood up. He went to the side of the prison and put his ear on the wall. â€Å"That is not how I planned on dying.† he said David looked at him with a questioning face. A deep voice from suddenly erupted from outside the prison.â€Å" There is no way out† Mark jumped to his feet. In a hushed voice he half whispered half shouted, â€Å"That was the voice from the phone on the plane telling the pilots to kill us and now we are going to die!† â€Å"We won’t die let’s just, just† â€Å"Just what†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. die?† said David sarcastically. â€Å"No we don’t do that we just don’t die, pretty simple.† The three went into a corner and started making a plan of escape making sure that no one on the outside could hear them. 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